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Eaton Heinemann Circuit Breaker 20A 240V AM4-Z-130-2


Eaton Heinemann Circuit Breaker 20A 240V AM4-Z-130-2


$1,995.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 11156258 NSN: 5925-00-495-6519 CAT# 73-156-1-MG6


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 11156258 NSN: 5925-00-495-6519 CAT# 73-156-1-MG6


$950.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # 73-171-1-MG6  NSN: 5925-00-247-6979


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # 73-171-1-MG6 NSN: 5925-00-247-6979


$700.00


HEINEMANN NEW CIRCUIT BREAKER 2XAM17-10-32VDC56   10 AMPS NSN: 5925-00-758-7955


HEINEMANN NEW CIRCUIT BREAKER 2XAM17-10-32VDC56 10 AMPS NSN: 5925-00-758-7955


$475.00


A NEW HEINEMANN GJ3-Z63-2 CIRCUIT BREAKER 3P 240V


A NEW HEINEMANN GJ3-Z63-2 CIRCUIT BREAKER 3P 240V


$425.00


EATON HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CAT#GJ1-H3-U-250-01C  250 AMP **NEW IN BOX**


EATON HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CAT#GJ1-H3-U-250-01C 250 AMP **NEW IN BOX**


$424.99


Heinemann Circuit Breaker Part # CD3-Z763-1W 125A 250V AC $1400+


Heinemann Circuit Breaker Part # CD3-Z763-1W 125A 250V AC $1400+


$374.96


HEINEMANN 60-198-3, 1 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER


HEINEMANN 60-198-3, 1 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER


$350.00


Heinemann Circuit Breaker RARE 125 Amp GJ1-H3-U


Heinemann Circuit Breaker RARE 125 Amp GJ1-H3-U


$300.00


EATON HEINEMANN 2XAM17-10  3000.0 DC CIRCUIT BREAKER


EATON HEINEMANN 2XAM17-10 3000.0 DC CIRCUIT BREAKER


$275.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER AM3-A9A8A8-A-60-10 NSN 5925-01-202-0979 AM3A9A0060-10E


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER AM3-A9A8A8-A-60-10 NSN 5925-01-202-0979 AM3A9A0060-10E


$250.00


Eaton Heinemann Molded Case Circuit Breaker GH3-Z14-25 63A


Eaton Heinemann Molded Case Circuit Breaker GH3-Z14-25 63A


$212.49


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 3XAM1516HK-MG3-10-250-2-60 NSN: 5925-01-013-2399


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 3XAM1516HK-MG3-10-250-2-60 NSN: 5925-01-013-2399


$195.00


HEINEMANN 13221E8301-2 CIRCUIT BREAKER CD3-Z369-2 DUAL MKT NSN: 5925-01-128-6404


HEINEMANN 13221E8301-2 CIRCUIT BREAKER CD3-Z369-2 DUAL MKT NSN: 5925-01-128-6404


$200.00


200 AMP HEINEMANN GJ2-G3-U CIRCUIT BREAKER NEW IN BOX 240V


200 AMP HEINEMANN GJ2-G3-U CIRCUIT BREAKER NEW IN BOX 240V


$195.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER # AM17-0.6-250AC-50/60HZ-TD56  NSN: 5925-00-489-1537


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER # AM17-0.6-250AC-50/60HZ-TD56 NSN: 5925-00-489-1537


$185.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CAT#66-105


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CAT#66-105


$189.99


Heinemann 3 Pole Circuit Breaker 150amps


Heinemann 3 Pole Circuit Breaker 150amps


$189.95


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # 74-106-2  NSN: 5925-00-677-6593


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # 74-106-2 NSN: 5925-00-677-6593


$180.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 2XAM1516HK-MG3 NSN: 5925-00-838-8364  52-255-2-MG3


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 2XAM1516HK-MG3 NSN: 5925-00-838-8364 52-255-2-MG3


$170.00


Heinemann CJ2-G3-U Circuit Breaker 125A 2-pole


Heinemann CJ2-G3-U Circuit Breaker 125A 2-pole


$159.95


Heinemann SE-33 Circuit Breaker 125A 2-pole


Heinemann SE-33 Circuit Breaker 125A 2-pole


$159.95


Heinemann GJ3-G3-U Circuit Breaker 150Amp 240VAC NIB NEW IN BOX


Heinemann GJ3-G3-U Circuit Breaker 150Amp 240VAC NIB NEW IN BOX


$175.00


Heinemann GJ3-G3-U Circuit Breaker 175Amp 240VAC NIB NEW IN BOX


Heinemann GJ3-G3-U Circuit Breaker 175Amp 240VAC NIB NEW IN BOX


$175.00


Lot of (5) NEW HEINEMANN 10 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER AM1S-Z550-4W


Lot of (5) NEW HEINEMANN 10 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER AM1S-Z550-4W


$169.99


Heinemann 100 AMP 3POLE  GJ3-A8-DU Circuit Breaker 240VAC NIB NEW IN BOX


Heinemann 100 AMP 3POLE GJ3-A8-DU Circuit Breaker 240VAC NIB NEW IN BOX


$159.00


Heinemann 125 AMP 3POLE  GJ3-A8-DU Circuit Breaker 240VAC NIB NEW IN BOX


Heinemann 125 AMP 3POLE GJ3-A8-DU Circuit Breaker 240VAC NIB NEW IN BOX


$159.00


NEW EATON HEINEMANN CD3-Z505-2 CIRCUIT BREAKER 50 AMP


NEW EATON HEINEMANN CD3-Z505-2 CIRCUIT BREAKER 50 AMP


$146.99


HEINEMANN AM3-A8-A CIRCUIT BREAKER 2A 250V 2.5T 3-POLE


HEINEMANN AM3-A8-A CIRCUIT BREAKER 2A 250V 2.5T 3-POLE


$149.95


100 AMP. HEINEMANN/MURRAY MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER


100 AMP. HEINEMANN/MURRAY MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER


$149.00


HEINEMANN 100 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER GH3-Z81-1 480 VOLTS


HEINEMANN 100 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER GH3-Z81-1 480 VOLTS


$125.95


HEINEMANN AM17 CIRCUIT BREAKER  2 AMPS  115 AC CURVE 56  NSN: 5925-00-782-0113


HEINEMANN AM17 CIRCUIT BREAKER 2 AMPS 115 AC CURVE 56 NSN: 5925-00-782-0113


$135.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # CD4-A3-DU-0060-02A


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # CD4-A3-DU-0060-02A


$135.00


Eaton Heinemann 3-Pole/Triple/3P 50A 50 A 600V Circuit Breaker CF3-G8-AE


Eaton Heinemann 3-Pole/Triple/3P 50A 50 A 600V Circuit Breaker CF3-G8-AE


$134.99


Eaton Heinemann 3-Pole/Triple/3P 50A 50 A 600V Circuit Breaker CF3-G8-AE


Eaton Heinemann 3-Pole/Triple/3P 50A 50 A 600V Circuit Breaker CF3-G8-AE


$134.99


HEINEMANN 3X1163SMG4-50-120  CIRCUIT BREAKER  NSN: 5925-00-829-0197


HEINEMANN 3X1163SMG4-50-120 CIRCUIT BREAKER NSN: 5925-00-829-0197


$130.00


HEINEMANN * GJ1-Z66-4 * CIRCUIT BREAKER 125A 3 PINS


HEINEMANN * GJ1-Z66-4 * CIRCUIT BREAKER 125A 3 PINS


$117.50


Heinemann Electric Circuit Breaker CF3-Z168-1


Heinemann Electric Circuit Breaker CF3-Z168-1


$127.50


Eaton Heinemann Molded Case Circuit Breaker GH3-Z13-24 42A NIB


Eaton Heinemann Molded Case Circuit Breaker GH3-Z13-24 42A NIB


$127.49


HEINEMANN  AM3-Z263-4 CIRCUIT BREAKER 1135758G8 DUAL MKT NSN: 5925-01-321-7180


HEINEMANN AM3-Z263-4 CIRCUIT BREAKER 1135758G8 DUAL MKT NSN: 5925-01-321-7180


$125.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART# 3XAM1516MG3  AND 145836


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART# 3XAM1516MG3 AND 145836


$125.00


Heinemann GJ1P 600A 65V 3 Pole Circuit Breaker


Heinemann GJ1P 600A 65V 3 Pole Circuit Breaker


$99.99


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CD3-C3-A-75-2  NSN: 5925-01-241-0571 CD3-CS-A-0075-02A


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CD3-C3-A-75-2 NSN: 5925-01-241-0571 CD3-CS-A-0075-02A


$105.00


Heinemann 3P 150A 240V Circuit Breaker #CJ3-Z99-1 GJ3-A0


Heinemann 3P 150A 240V Circuit Breaker #CJ3-Z99-1 GJ3-A0


$99.99


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER pART# CD3-A3-DU-0060-02A  NSN 5925-01-187-6120


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER pART# CD3-A3-DU-0060-02A NSN 5925-01-187-6120


$110.00


12 EATON HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER JA1S-D3-AB-01-DA


12 EATON HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER JA1S-D3-AB-01-DA


$99.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER #  3363SHHHKMG4  NSN: 5925-00-950-5694 50 AMPS


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER # 3363SHHHKMG4 NSN: 5925-00-950-5694 50 AMPS


$95.00


32368 New-No Box, Heinemann CF3-G3-U Circuit Breaker, 40Amp, 240Volt, 3-Pole


32368 New-No Box, Heinemann CF3-G3-U Circuit Breaker, 40Amp, 240Volt, 3-Pole


$89.25


7 NEW HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 1 AMP AM12 250 V


7 NEW HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 1 AMP AM12 250 V


$89.00


HEINEMANN 3P 90 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER CF3-291-2-CF3-G3-U


HEINEMANN 3P 90 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER CF3-291-2-CF3-G3-U


$99.99


NEW HEINEMANN 5A 240V CIRCUIT BREAKER CD3C2C3C3 CD3-Z345-1 5925011619561


NEW HEINEMANN 5A 240V CIRCUIT BREAKER CD3C2C3C3 CD3-Z345-1 5925011619561


$89.95


HEINEMANN AM1-B2-A-0020-02N CIRCUIT BREAKER AM1-B2-A-20-2  NSN: 5925-01-377-9474


HEINEMANN AM1-B2-A-0020-02N CIRCUIT BREAKER AM1-B2-A-20-2 NSN: 5925-01-377-9474


$99.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART# CD4-Z174-1 ( CD4-C3 ) NSN 5925-01-270-7837


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART# CD4-Z174-1 ( CD4-C3 ) NSN 5925-01-270-7837


$95.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 3363-S-MG4-6-250-60-3 NSN: 5925-00-270-5967   6 AMP


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 3363-S-MG4-6-250-60-3 NSN: 5925-00-270-5967 6 AMP


$85.00


CF3-G-AB HEINEMANN 30 AMP 3 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER


CF3-G-AB HEINEMANN 30 AMP 3 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER


$85.00


HEINEMANN GJ1-Z96-8W 70A 1-POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER 125 VDC


HEINEMANN GJ1-Z96-8W 70A 1-POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER 125 VDC


$79.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # CD3-A3-DU-0050-02A


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # CD3-A3-DU-0050-02A


$90.00


8 NIB EATON HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER JA1S-D3-AB-01-DA


8 NIB EATON HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER JA1S-D3-AB-01-DA


$79.00


HEINEMANN 13221E8302-1 CIRCUIT BREAKER CD3-Z370-1 DUAL MKT NSN: 5925-01-139-6337


HEINEMANN 13221E8302-1 CIRCUIT BREAKER CD3-Z370-1 DUAL MKT NSN: 5925-01-139-6337


$80.00


HEINEMANN 150 AMP DC BULLET CIRCUIT BREAKER AM1P-Z2-3W


HEINEMANN 150 AMP DC BULLET CIRCUIT BREAKER AM1P-Z2-3W


$75.00


Heinemann X04012 Circuit Breaker 100A 1-pole


Heinemann X04012 Circuit Breaker 100A 1-pole


$83.95


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER # CF1 - H3 - U80 - 125 - 2


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER # CF1 – H3 – U80 – 125 – 2


$79.00


 HEINEMANN AM1P-Z2-5W 200A 200 Amp 65V DC Circuit breaker


HEINEMANN AM1P-Z2-5W 200A 200 Amp 65V DC Circuit breaker


$75.00


3 NEW HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CD-2-A2-DU  60 AMP 2 P


3 NEW HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CD-2-A2-DU 60 AMP 2 P


$69.00


HEINEMANN  AM17-5-208-60-56  CIRCUIT BREAKER  NSN: 5925-00-850-8145  5 AMP 208 V


HEINEMANN AM17-5-208-60-56 CIRCUIT BREAKER NSN: 5925-00-850-8145 5 AMP 208 V


$75.00


Lot 6 Airpax Heinemann CF/209 Circuit Breaker 3-P 600V


Lot 6 Airpax Heinemann CF/209 Circuit Breaker 3-P 600V


$49.99


20X HEINEMANN CIRCUIT PROTECTOR KD1 3A NEW


20X HEINEMANN CIRCUIT PROTECTOR KD1 3A NEW


$70.00


HEINEMANN 50 AMP 2 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER  DC AN 100 USED


HEINEMANN 50 AMP 2 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER DC AN 100 USED


$65.00


Heinemann CF3-G3-U Circuit Breaker 20Amp


Heinemann CF3-G3-U Circuit Breaker 20Amp


$74.65


LOTS OF 9 Heinemann JA1-B2-A Circuit Breaker


LOTS OF 9 Heinemann JA1-B2-A Circuit Breaker


$47.00


NEW Heinemann 250 Volt Circuit Breaker 3HAA3001-81


NEW Heinemann 250 Volt Circuit Breaker 3HAA3001-81


$65.00


Heinemann/Eaton JC4S-Z2-2, 250V 30A circuit breaker


Heinemann/Eaton JC4S-Z2-2, 250V 30A circuit breaker


$64.95


NIB NEW  HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 2 POLE 10 AMP #2263


NIB NEW HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 2 POLE 10 AMP #2263


$59.00


NEW HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CF2-G3-U 2 POLE 30 AMP


NEW HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CF2-G3-U 2 POLE 30 AMP


$59.00


Heinemann Circuit Breaker RA800 50Amp 2P


Heinemann Circuit Breaker RA800 50Amp 2P


$60.00


Heinemann Circuit Breaker RA800 40Amp 2P


Heinemann Circuit Breaker RA800 40Amp 2P


$60.00


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # JA2S-A8-A-0020-10E  NSN: 5925-01-398-1819


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER PART # JA2S-A8-A-0020-10E NSN: 5925-01-398-1819


$70.00


EATON HEINEMANN JA2S-Z624-2 CIRCUIT BREAKER


EATON HEINEMANN JA2S-Z624-2 CIRCUIT BREAKER


$69.99


Heinemann 0911-60-1 Magnette Circuit Breaker 60A 1-pole


Heinemann 0911-60-1 Magnette Circuit Breaker 60A 1-pole


$69.95


HEINEMANN ELECT CF3-G3-U RE-CIRK-IT 70A CIRCUIT BREAKER


HEINEMANN ELECT CF3-G3-U RE-CIRK-IT 70A CIRCUIT BREAKER


$69.95


HEINEMANN CD1-A2-DU 100AMP 1 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER ***NNB***


HEINEMANN CD1-A2-DU 100AMP 1 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER ***NNB***


$59.00


HEINEMANN 25 AMP CAT. NO. CD3-A3-DU CIRCUIT BREAKER


HEINEMANN 25 AMP CAT. NO. CD3-A3-DU CIRCUIT BREAKER


$60.00


60 AMP 240AC 4 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER HEINEMANN e7704


60 AMP 240AC 4 POLE CIRCUIT BREAKER HEINEMANN e7704


$59.99


Lot of (5) HEINEMANN 30 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKERS AM1S-Z550-8W


Lot of (5) HEINEMANN 30 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKERS AM1S-Z550-8W


$60.00


LOT OF 2 HEINEMANN AM3S -C3-LR 3POLE 240VOLTS 5A CIRCUIT BREAKER


LOT OF 2 HEINEMANN AM3S -C3-LR 3POLE 240VOLTS 5A CIRCUIT BREAKER


$40.00


2 HEINEMANN AM4S-A8-LA 4POLE 415VOLTS CIRCUIT BREAKER


2 HEINEMANN AM4S-A8-LA 4POLE 415VOLTS CIRCUIT BREAKER


$45.00


Heinemann 2912 Magnette Circuit Breaker 30A 2-pole


Heinemann 2912 Magnette Circuit Breaker 30A 2-pole


$64.95


Lot (3) Eaton Heinemann JA3S-T3-A-20-2E Panel Mounted Circuit Breakers


Lot (3) Eaton Heinemann JA3S-T3-A-20-2E Panel Mounted Circuit Breakers


$49.99


New Heinemann Magnetic Hydraulic Circuit Breaker 50A Amp 250AC AM3R-A3-LC07d-A


New Heinemann Magnetic Hydraulic Circuit Breaker 50A Amp 250AC AM3R-A3-LC07d-A


$62.99


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 30A 3 POLE 3368


HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER 30A 3 POLE 3368


$49.79


2 NIB HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CF2-G3-DU 2 POLE


2 NIB HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CF2-G3-DU 2 POLE


$49.00


HEINEMANN  PART # AM1516MG3  CIRCUIT BREAKER  NSN: 5925-01-004-2477  10A 32VDC


HEINEMANN PART # AM1516MG3 CIRCUIT BREAKER NSN: 5925-01-004-2477 10A 32VDC


$55.00


HEINEMANN 3363S 25 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER (H5)


HEINEMANN 3363S 25 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER (H5)


$60.00


New Eaton Heinemann 3 Pole 240VAC Molded Case Circuit Breaker CD3-A3-DU 100A


New Eaton Heinemann 3 Pole 240VAC Molded Case Circuit Breaker CD3-A3-DU 100A


$59.99


Heinemann CE1-G3-U-60-1 Circuit Breaker 60A 1-pole


Heinemann CE1-G3-U-60-1 Circuit Breaker 60A 1-pole


$59.95


Eaton Heinemann AM3R-A8-LC07D-A-10-4 Circuit Breaker


Eaton Heinemann AM3R-A8-LC07D-A-10-4 Circuit Breaker


$50.00


Heinemann Circuit Breaker, Cat# X0411TSMG4, 6.5 A, NOS


Heinemann Circuit Breaker, Cat# X0411TSMG4, 6.5 A, NOS


$54.95


Heinemann 2XAM1516 Circuit Breaker 70A 2P 74DC New


Heinemann 2XAM1516 Circuit Breaker 70A 2P 74DC New


$50.00


Heinemann 3P 60A 240V Circuit Breaker #CF3-Z311-2


Heinemann 3P 60A 240V Circuit Breaker #CF3-Z311-2


$49.99


Heinemann 3P 100A 240V Circuit Breaker #CF3-Z311-3


Heinemann 3P 100A 240V Circuit Breaker #CF3-Z311-3


$49.99

Heinemann Circuit Questions

Heinemann Circuit

Methanol fuel

History and production

Historically, methanol was first produced by destructive distillation (pyrolysis) of wood, resulting in its common English name of wood alcohol.

Presently, methanol is usually produced using methane (the chief constituent of natural gas) as a raw material. Methanol is made from coal in China for fuel.

“Biomethanol” may be produced by gasification of organic materials to synthesis gas followed by conventional methanol synthesis. Production of methanol from synthesis gas using Biomass-To-Liquid can offer methanol production from biomass at efficiencies up to 75%. Widespread production by this route has a postulated potential (see Hagen, SABD & Olah references below) to offer methanol fuel at a low cost and with benefits to the environment. These production methods, however, are not suitable for small scale production.

Major fuel use

During the OPEC 1973 oil crisis, Reed and Lerner (1973) proposed methanol from coal as a proven fuel with well established manufacturing technology and sufficient resources to replace gasoline. Hagen (1976) reviewed prospects for synthesizing methanol from renewable resources and its use as a fuel. Then in 1986, the Swedish Motor Fuel Technology Co. (SBAD) extensively reviewed the use of alcohols and alcohol blends as motor fuels. It reviewed the potential for methanol production from natural gas, very heavy oils, bituminous shales, coals, peat and biomass. In 2005, 2006 Nobel prize winner George A. Olah and colleagues advocated an entire methanol economy based on energy storage in synthetically produced methanol., The Methanol Institute, the methanol trade industry organization, posts reports and presentations on methanol. Director Gregory Dolan presented the 2008 global methanol fuel industry in China.

Use as internal combustion engine fuel

Both methanol and ethanol burn at lower temperatures than gasoline, and both are less volatile, making engine starting in cold weather more difficult. Using methanol as a fuel in spark ignition engines can offer an increased thermal efficiency and increased power output (as compared to gasoline) due to its high octane rating (114) and high heat of vaporisation. However, its low energy content of 19.7 MJ/kg and stoichiometric air fuel ratio of 6.42:1 mean that fuel consumption (on volume or mass basis) will be higher than hydrocarbon fuels. The extra water produced also makes the charge rather wet (similar to hydrogen/oxygen combustion engines)and combined with the formation of acidic products during combustion, the wearing of valves, valveseats and cylinder might be higher than with hydrocarbon burning. Certain additives may be added to motor oil in order to neutralize these acids.

Methanol, just like ethanol, contains soluble and insoluble contaminents . These soluble contaminants, halide ions such as chloride ions, have a large effect on the corrosivity of alcohol fuels. Halide ions increase corrosion in two ways; they chemically attack passivating oxide films on several metals causing pitting corrosion, and they increase the conductivity of the fuel. Increased electrical conductivity promotes electric, galvanic, and ordinary corrosion in the fuel system. Soluble contaminents, such as aluminum hydroxide, itself a product of corrosion by halide ions, clog the fuel system over time.

Methanol is hygroscopic, meaning it will absorb water vapor directly from the atmosphere. Because absorbed water dilutes the fuel value of the methanol (although, it suppresses engine knock), and may cause phase separation of methanol-gasoline blends, containers of methanol fuels must be kept tightly sealed.

Toxicity

Methanol is poisonous; ingestion of only 10 ml can cause blindness and 60-100 ml can be fatal, and it doesn’t have to be swallowed to be dangerous since the liquid can be absorbed through the skin, and the vapors through the lungs. US maximum allowed exposure in air (40 h/week) is 1900 mg/m for ethanol, 900 mg/m for gasoline, and 1260 mg/m for methanol. However, it is less volatile than gasoline, and therefore decreases evaporative emissions. Use of methanol, like ethanol, significantly reduces the emissions of certain hydrocarbon-related toxins such as benzene and 1,3 butadiene. But as gasoline and ethanol are already quite toxic, safety protocol is the same.

Safety

Since methanol vapour is heavier than air, it will linger close to the ground or in a pit unless there is good ventilation, and if the concentration of methanol is above 6.7% in air it can be lit by a spark, and will explode above 54 F / 12 C. Once ablaze, the flames give out very little light making it very hard to see the fire or even estimate its size, especially in bright daylight. If you are unlucky enough to be exposed to the poisonous substance through your respiratory system, its pungent odor should give you some warning of its presence. However, it is difficult to smell methanol in the air at less than 2,000 ppm (0.2%), and it can be dangerous at lower concentrations than that.

Use in racing

Beginning in 1965, pure methanol was used widespread in USAC Indy car competition, which at the time included the Indianapolis 500.

A seven-car crash on the second lap of the 1964 Indianapolis 500 resulted in USAC’s decision to encourage, and later mandate, the use of methanol. Eddie Sachs and Dave MacDonald died in the crash when their gasoline-fueled cars exploded. The gasoline-triggered fire created a dangerous cloud of thick black smoke, which completely blocked the view of the track for oncoming cars. Johnny Rutherford, one of the other drivers involved, drove a methanol-fueled car which also leaked following the crash. While this car burned from the impact of the first fireball, it formed a much lesser inferno than the gasoline cars, and one that burned invisibly. That testimony, and pressure from Indianapolis Star writer George Moore, led to the switch to alcohol fuel in 1965.

Methanol was used by the CART circuit during its entire campaign (1979-2007). It is also used by and many short track organizations, especially midget, sprint cars and speedway bikes. Pure methanol was used by the IRL from 1996-2006.

In 2006, in partnership with the ethanol industry, the IRL used a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% methanol as its fuel. Starting in 2007, the IRL switched to “pure” ethanol, E100.

Methanol fuel is also used extensively in drag racing, primarily in the Top Alcohol category.

Formula One racing continues to use gasoline as its fuel, but in pre war grand prix racing methanol was often used in the fuel.

Methanol fuel by country

This section requires expansion.

United States

The State of California ran an experimental program from 1980 to 1990 which allowed anyone to convert a gasoline vehicle to 85% methanol with 15% additives of choice. Over 500 vehicles were converted to high compression and dedicated use of the 85/15 methanol and ethanol, with great results. Detroit was not willing to produce any methanol or ethanol vehicles without government subsidy.

In 1982 the big three were each given $5,000,000 for design and contracts for 5,000 vehicles to be bought by the State. That was the beginning of the low compression flexible-fuel vehicles which we can still buy today.

In 2005, California’s Governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, terminated the use of methanol after 25 years and 200,000,000 miles of success, to join the expanding use of ethanol driven by producers of corn. In spite of this, he was optimistic about the future of the program, claiming “it will be back.” Ethanol is currently (as of 2007) priced at 3 to 4 dollars per gallon, while methanol made from natural gas remains at 47 cents per gallon.

Presently there are over 60 operating gas stations in California supplying methanol in their pumps. Rep. Eliot Engel [D-NY17] has introduced “An Open Fuel Standard” Act in Congress: “To require automobile manufacturers to ensure that not less than 80 percent of the automobiles manufactured or sold in the United States by each such manufacturer to operate on fuel mixtures containing 85 percent ethanol, 85 percent methanol, or biodiesel.”

Brazil

A drive to add a significant percentage of methanol to gasoline got very close to implementation in Brazil, following a pilot test set up by a group of scientists involving blending gasoline with methanol between 1989 and 1992. The larger-scale pilot experiment that was to be conducted in So Paulo was vetoed at the last minute by the city’s mayor, out of concern for the health of gas station workers (who are mostly illiterate and could not be expected to follow safety precautions). As of 2006[update], the idea has not resurfaced.

See also

energy portal

Sustainable development portal

Alcohol fuel

Ethanol fuel

Gasoline gallon equivalent

List of energy topics

Liquid fuels

Methanol economy

flex fuel vehicles

Oil crisis

Timeline of alcohol fuel

Dimethyl ether

References

^ Reed, Tom B.; Lerner, R.M. (1973-12), “Methanol: A Versatile Fuel for Immediate Use”, Science 182 (4119): 1299 1304, doi:10.1126/science.182.4119.1299, http://www.woodgas.com/Science1.pdf 

^ Hagen, David L. (1976-12), Methanol: Its Synthesis, Use as a Fuel, Economics, and Hazards, Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), NTIS #NP-21727 

^ Swedish Motor Fuel Technology Co. (1986). Alcohols and alcohol blends as motor fuels, Vol II A & Vol II B. State-of-the-Art report. Swedish National Board for Technical Development. ISBN 91-7850-156-3. 

^ George A. Olah (2005). “Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44 (18): 26362639. doi:10.1002/anie.200462121. 

^ Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy , George A. Olah, Alain Goeppert, G. K. Surya Prakash, Wiley-VCH, 2006

^ Dolan, Gregory (2008-10-01). “Methanol Fuels: The Time Has Come”. Methanol Institute. http://methanol.org/pdfFrame.cfm?pdf=DolanISAF.pdf. 

^ Burton, George; Holman, John; Lazonby, John (2000). Salters Advanced Chemistry: Chemical Storylines (2nd ed.). Heinemann. ISBN 0-435-63119-5

^ Brinkman, N., Halsall, R., Jorgensen, S.W., & Kirwan, J.E., “The Development Of Improved Fuel Specifications for Methanol (M85) amd Ethanol (Ed85), SAE Technical Paper 940764

^ More About Ethanol

^ “Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}”. 2009. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-1476. 

External links

Methanol Safety Concerns, Advantages and Corrosive properties

Commercial Scale Demonstration of the Liquid Phase Methanol Process, Dept. of Energy Production of methanol by Clean Coal power plants for $.50 – .60 per gallon.

DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center – Methanol

Methanol as an alternative fuel Recording of a discussion with Nobel laureate George Olah broadcast on NPR.

An Energy Revolution by Robert Zubrin Mandating Flexible Fuel Vehicles to run on ethanol and methanol as well as gasoline will defund oil producers who are funding terrorists. The cost per car is $100 $800.

University of Cambridge, General Management of Acute Poisoning, Specific Poisonings: Methanol

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