Amp Ohm


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Amp Ohm Questions

Amp Ohm

Basic Electronics

BASIC ELECTRONICS BY JITENDRA CHITNIS (B.E.- Electronics)

INTRODUCTION

As a child I was fond of electronic gadgets like Digital Wrist Watch cum stop watch, Colour Television, FM Radio, Walkman, Calculator and many more gadgets were on my want list. And I was lucky enough to get them for handling and after careful use for a year or two I used to open them for my study. All was possible due to my father, my maternal uncle and other family friends who knew about it. It was real fun to open and study though used to understand very little about the circuit inside.

Slowly when I completed my schooling I joined a Radio, Tape and Television Repairing classes and started understanding the real science and technology involved in these black boxes.

Here in this article I want to give a brief Introduction about the basics of the electronics and knowledge to help beginners or learners about what is the importance of this technology how we can use this knowledge to make a better life out of this.

Definition of Electronics

The branch of science which study the flow of electron through a semiconductors such as silicon or germanium is called electronics.

(Silicon and Germenium are the minerals from the Chart of Chemistry)

Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators

Conductors

Conductors are nothing but the materials which allow the passage of current very easily. This is because they large number of free electrons available. Examples – Copper, Aluminium.

Insulators

These substances which do not allow the passage of electric current through them. In terms of energy band, the valance band is full while the conduction band is empty.

Semiconductors

Semiconductors are those substances which have conductivity inbetween the Conductors and Insulators. In terms of energy bands valence band is almost filled and conduction band is empty and gap between them is very thin.

Types of Semiconductors

1.       P type and trivalent impurity to semiconductor

2.       n type pentavalent impurity to semiconductor

 

pn Junction

When a p type semiconductor is joined to n type semiconductor it forms a pn junction.

Forward and Reverse bias of pn junction.

P type to positive and n type to negative is a forward bias condition of pn junction.

On the other hand if we connect p type to negative and n type to positive it becomes a reverse bias condition for pn junction.

Different semiconductor devices used in common electronic circuit

1.       Diode- Use as Rectifier, Regulate current flow direction.

2.       Transistors- pnp and npn type. Use as Aplifier, Switch

                         

pnp                                                npn

3.       Field Effect Transistor- Use as Switch

 

4.       Thyristor- High Voltage Switches for Power Circuits

 

5.       Integrated Circuits- A composition of Different devices in small space to save space and electric consumption.(It consists thousands of diodes, transistors and resistors, capacitors in small size of 0.5 cm by 3 cm – many different combinations can be built as per requirement)

Other circuit devices

1.       Resistor- To resist the current and drop voltage to the required level.

 

2.       Capacitor- To maintain a electric charge at a point in circuit. Use Filteration of Voltage

 

3.       Inductor- To oppose the fluctuating current. Use Filteration of current

 

BASIC LAWS and THEOROMS FOR LAYMAN

Ohm’s Law

When an applied voltage E causes a current I to flow through an impedance Z, the value of the impedance Z is equal to the voltage E divided by the current I

.

Impedance = Voltage / Current

Z = E / I

Similarly, when a voltage E is applied across an impedance Z, the resulting current I through the impedance is equal to the voltage E divided by the impedance Z.

Current = Voltage / Impedance

I = E / Z

Similarly, when a current I is passed through an impedance Z, the resulting voltage drop V across the impedance is equal to the current I multiplied by the impedance Z.

Voltage = Current * Impedance

V = IZ

Alternatively, using admittance Y which is the reciprocal of impedance Z:

Voltage = Current / Admittance

V = I / Y

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Current Law At any instant the sum of all the currents flowing into any circuit node is equal to the sum of all the currents flowing out of that node: SIin = SIout Similarly, at any instant the algebraic sum of all the currents at any circuit node is zero: SI = 0 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law At any instant the sum of all the voltage sources in any closed circuit is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops in that circuit: SE = SIZ Similarly, at any instant the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed circuit is zero: SE – SIZ = 0

Thévenin’s Theorem

Any linear voltage network which may be viewed from two terminals can be replaced by a voltage-source equivalent circuit comprising a single voltage source E and a single series impedance Z. The voltage E is the open-circuit voltage between the two terminals and the impedance Z is the impedance of the network viewed from the terminals with all voltage sources replaced by their internal impedances.

Norton’s Theorem

Any linear current network which may be viewed from two terminals can be replaced by a current-source equivalent circuit comprising a single current source I and a single shunt admittance Y. The current I is the short-circuit current between the two terminals and the admittance Y is the admittance of the network viewed from the terminals with all current sources replaced by their internal admittances.

Thévenin and Norton Equivalence

The open circuit, short circuit and load conditions of the Thévenin model are: Voc = E Isc = E / Z Vload = E – IloadZ Iload = E / (Z + Zload) The open circuit, short circuit and load conditions of the Norton model are: Voc = I / Y Isc = I Vload = I / (Y + Yload) Iload = I – VloadY Thévenin model from Norton model

Voltage = Current / Admittance Impedance = 1 / Admittance

E = I / Y Z = Y -1

Norton model from Thévenin model

Current = Voltage / Impedance Admittance = 1 / Impedance

I = E / Z Y = Z -1

When performing network reduction for a Thévenin or Norton model, note that: – nodes with zero voltage difference may be short-circuited with no effect on the network current distribution, – branches carrying zero current may be open-circuited with no effect on the network voltage distribution.

Joule’s Law

When a current I is passed through a resistance R, the resulting power P dissipated in the resistance is equal to the square of the current I multiplied by the resistance R: P = I2R

By substitution using Ohm’s Law for the corresponding voltage drop V (= IR) across the resistance: P = V2 / R = VI = I2R

 

Electronic students should learn the following units and formulae:

Units

Current (amp)

Resistance (ohm)

Voltage (volt)

Capacitance (farad)

 

Resistors in Series Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 etc.

Resistors in Parallel Rtotal =

or

1/Rtotal =

Time Period Time period = Resistance x Capacitance (T = R x C)

Ohm’s Law Voltage = Current x Resistance

(V = I x R)

Resistance = Voltage / Current

Current = Voltage / Resistance

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